We consider the author (co-author) of a research article as it is done by СОРЕ, that is the person who is the creator or originator of an idea (e.g., the author of the theory of relativity) or the individual or individuals who develop and bring to fruition the product that disseminates intellectual or creative works. The status of the article writer means that this person performed the research and did not infringe the copyright and other persons' rights.

When defining authors and authorship, we also take into account and focus on Authorship and Authorship Responsibilities proposed by the Council of Science Editors (CSE) and Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors, determined by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).

We structure our relationship with the authors on trust and mutual respect. This means that the author, before sending an manuscript to the journal, has read and accepted the publication ethics principles, the "Publishing policies" and "Editorial policies", as well as the article publication terms. This means, among other things, that the authors present the results of a truly original research in their article. This means that the authors do not borrow other people's ideas and texts in the course of the article preparation, do not send their article to several journals simultaneously, do not use the scientific potential of the journal team and reviewers to improve the article for the purpose of its subsequent sending to another journal. It also means that the authors studied the issue of possible conflicts of interest availability and made sure that they were absent.

We support and adopt 4 ICMJE authorship criteria:

• “Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND
• Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND
• Final approval of the version to be published; AND
• Agreement to be accountable for alla spects of the work inensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
  

Contributors who meet fewer than all 4 of the above criteria for authorship should not be listed as authors, but they should be acknowledged”. The co-author must have an idea of all the work content, and not be responsible only for the part that he performed directly. Individuals who have not contributed significantly to the scientific results and the article preparation may be mentioned at the end of the article; the authors may express their gratitude with reference to how these persons contributed to this scientific work emergence.

We kindly hope that when you send an article to the editors of our journals, all those who have really contributed to its preparation will be taken into account and there will be no persons unrelated to its scientific content. We also hope that there will be no persons among the article writers who would like to claim authorship using authority over the true authors.

If the article has several authors, then they determine in dependently the corresponding author (they specify this in the Cover Letter who corresponds with the journal's editors and controls for the article processing. It is the corresponding author who, on behalf of the whole team, announces certain decisions on the article (for example, a substantiated disagreement with the reviewers or the article recall). In order to avoid misunderstanding between the authors themselves or between the editorial staff and the authors, we send copies of the letters to all co- authors when maintaining correspondence to the corresponding author.

If, after the first article submission, changes are made in the composition of the coauthors' team, then the persons who are excluded from the composition of the article writers' team should send their consent to this to the journal staff. After this, a new Cover Letter will be issued and submitted to the editors with the signatures of all the co-authors.

If the article content (the research complexity and the scientific results obtained) is poorly correlated with the number of co-authors, the editorial staff may request information from the author's team regarding the contribution of each of the co-authors to the research and the article preparation. Following the analysis of this information, co-authors may be offered to reduce their number and to mention the contribution of exempted persons in the text of the article.
Structure of the Paper and Manuscript Submission Guidelines, in the appropriate journal, recommends how to correctly specify the authors in the article.
Contributorship is the supporting process of article writers in obtaining scientific results. This concept is fully applicable to research articles and very rarely to articles of theoretical or observational nature. Contributorship may take various forms. For example, help or direct participation in a survey or scientific experiment. Participating individuals or institutions must be listed at the end of the article.

In all aspects of authorship and contributorship, we follow the СОРЕ principles and recommendations.

Contributor roles defined

Since January 2020, all journals of "BUP Journal" adopt CRediT Taxonomy to identify and record the individual contribution of each author to the article in order to avoid possible authorship disputes and conflicts. The roles describe each author's specific contribution to the scholarly output. Not all roles can be used in the article and not all roles can be applied to all authors (that is, each author could contribute in several roles).
When submitting an article, the corresponding author should define the role of each author and specify the individuals or institutions, in the Acknowledgement, who have also contributed to the article but are not its authors. Authors make themselves mutually responsible for the role allocation and must confirm the assigned roles and Acknowledgements in the Cover Letter. All acknowledged individuals should agree to be acknowledged. Besides, an Editor may ask the corresponding author to provide the written consent from all acknowledged individuals for being mentioned in the Acknowledgement. Authors individual contribution will be stated in the article in the “Author contributions” section. Example:

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Igor Paska, Larysa Satyr, Ruslana Zadorozhna. Data curation: Alla Shevchenko.
Formal analysis: Ruslana Zadorozhna.
Investigation: Ruslana Zadorozhna, Leonid Stadnik, Alla Shevchenko. Methodology: Igor Paska, Larysa Satyr, Ruslana Zadorozhna.
Project administration: Igor Paska, Larysa Satyr. Supervision: Igor Paska, Larysa Satyr.
Validation: Igor Paska, Larysa Satyr, Ruslana Zadorozhna. Visualization: Ruslana Zadorozhna, Leonid Stadnik. Writing – original draft: Ruslana Zadorozhna.
Writing – review & editing: Ruslana Zadorozhna.

Contributor roles defined (Information from CRediT – Contributor Roles Taxonomy)

1. Conceptualization – Ideas; formulation or evolution of overarching research goals and aims.
2. Data curation – Management activities to annotate (produce metadata), scrub data and maintain research data (including software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later re-use.
3. Formal analysis – Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize study data.
4. Funding acquisition – Acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication.
5. Investigation – Conducting a research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection.
6. Methodology – Development or design of methodology; creation of models.
7. Project administration – Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution.
8. Resources – Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, patients, laboratory samples, animals, instrumentation, computing resources, or other analysis tools.
9. Software – Programming, software development; designing computer programs; implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms; testing of existing code components.
10. Supervision – Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, including mentorship external to the core team.
11. Validation – Verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/reproducibility of results/experiments and other research outputs.
12. Visualization – Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically visualization/data presentation.
13. Writing – original draft – Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation).
14. Writing – review & editing – Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary or revision – including pre- or post-publication stages.